The biosphere is all the life on Earth. It includes all ecosystems and living organisms in the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. The biosphere is a complex network of biological life that interacts and influences each other. It …
Biosphere
Knowledge
Biomass
Biomass refers to the total mass of organic matter present in living organisms. This measurement is often conducted regarding dry weight, excluding water content, and may also be expressed as the quantity of carbon within an organism (1).
The amount …
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is one of the Earth’s spheres, like the air surrounding the Earth. The atmosphere consists of several layers; closest to the Earth’s surface is the troposphere, followed by the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. At the centre …
Alpaca
Alpaca is a natural fibre obtained from the fleece of the South American alpaca animal, which belongs to the camelid family, related to the llama.
The Alpaca fibre, known for its fineness, softness, and warmth, comes in various natural colours, …
Polyester
In the 1940s, the first polyester fibres emerged, known as Terylene in the US and Dacron in the UK [1]. It was in the 1950s that polyester fibre production gained momentum on a commercial scale [2]. The 1990s marked a …
Nylon
Nylon is a collective name for synthetic fibres derived from polyamides, which are large molecules with specific chemical properties. The best known are nylon 66, nylon 6, nylon 610 and nylon 11, for example, whose chemical properties differ [1]. The …
