Natural fibres are hairy-like raw materials from animal or plant sources. These fibres can be used as part of a material or spun into yarn, which is then woven or knitted into textiles. The structure and touch of the final material depend on how the fibres are woven and knitted.
We classify natural fibres according to their origin. The plant, or cellulose-based class, includes fibres made from seeds, leaves, inner bark(bast) and the fruit parts of the plant. Cotton is a seed fibre, while linen (flax plant), jute and hemp are bast fibres. Fibres made from leaves are manila hemp and sisal. An example of a fruit fibre is coir. The animal (protein-based) fibres, are made from hair, like sheep wool and alpaca, and from secretion fibres, from which silk is derived.
We can find abundant fibres in nature. Still, to be used for textiles, it has to have a certain length, strength, flexibility, elasticity, abrasion resistance, absorbency, and various surface properties.
Recent innovative processes have expanded the possibilities of use of natural fibres in textiles. Natural fibres such as coconut, pineapple, and banana fibre are now being used. Additionally, agricultural waste—such as sugarcane, hemp, and leftover wheat and rice—is already used in textile production while research continues exploring new possibilities.
Another term for these types of fibres is ‘alternative fibres ‘. Alternative fibres are derived from agricultural residues, like wheat straw, or process waste, such as textile scraps that are converted into textiles and other nonwoven materials.
Natural fibres can offer environmental benefits, but their impact depends largely on how they are processed. Natural fibres generally require less energy to produce and can be processed with fewer harmful chemicals, which helps reduce pollution and waste.
Science Direct – Natural Fibres 
Good on you – Fabric Innovations in 2024
Fashion for Good – The Next Generation Materials from Waste
Science Direct – A sustainable approach to develop bio-functional textile
Common Objective – Regenerative impact turns fashion into a force for positive change
October 2025, RETHINK
