Polyethene (PE) is made from ethylene monomers primarily derived from petroleum or natural gas through cracking and polymerization. Its simple molecular structure, consisting of long carbon and hydrogen atom chains, makes it a highly versatile and adaptable thermoplastic for various applications and products.
Polyethene can be low-density polyethene (LLDPE) or high-density polyethene (HDPE) and variations thereof. Crosslinking or copolymerization can further modify its properties.
Linear Low-Density Polyethene, commonly known as LLDPE, is made by copolymerizing ethylene with longer-chain olefins. The ‘linear’ in its name refers to the absence of branches in its polymer chains, resulting in a stronger and more flexible material. LLDPE is used to make containers, squeeze bottles, tubing, computer parts, lab equipment, caps, and closures.
High-density polyethene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer made from monomer ethylene. With a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used to make plastic bags and bottles, toys, piping, geotextiles, and nets(fishing, gardening, and vegetables), among other things. HDPE fabric is highly resistant to sunlight and provides high UV protection.
Polyethene (PE) is used to create synthetic fibres, such as ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethene (UHMWPE), for high-performance applications like outdoor gear, ropes, and ballistic protection.
PE is also utilized as a coating or additive in textile production, providing properties like water resistance, flexibility, and abrasion resistance. The coatings can be applied to fabrics used in waterproof clothing, furniture upholstery, and industrial materials to enhance durability and functionality.
Challenges & Environmental Impact
Polyethylene(PE) relies on non-renewable resources like fossil fuels for production, and the production process is energy-intensive and associated with greenhouse gas emissions.
PE-based textiles shed microplastics during washing, and they contribute to water pollution. Polyethylene is a strong, durable and non-biodegradable material that resists degradation and will accumulate in the ecosystem over time.
Microplastics from PE textiles harm marine organisms through ingestion and chemical exposure, and PE waste significantly impacts soil health and animals on land. Animals suffer from being entangled in nets and digesting plastic waste.
Sources
Science Direct -Polyethylene Fabric 
Science Direct – Thermoplastics Material
Sustainability MIT – Could we recycle plastic bags into fabrics of the future?
December 2024, RETHINK
